Physics
Unit 1: Introduction and Measurement
Physics – Scope and excitement; Physics in
relation to science, society and technology – inventions, names of scientists
and their fields, Nobel prize winners and topics, current developments in
physical sciences and related technology. Units for measurement – systems of
units, S .I units, conversion from other systems to S.I units. Fundamental and
derived units. Measurement of length, mass and time, least count in measuring
instruments (eg. vernier callipers, screw gauge etc), Dimensional analysis and
applications, the order of magnitude, accuracy and errors in measurement,
random and instrumental errors, significant figures and rounding off
principles.
Unit 2: Description Of Motion In One Dimension
Objects in motion in one dimension – Motion
in a straight line, uniform motion – its graphical representation and formulae;
speed and velocity - instantaneous velocity; ideas of relative velocity with
expressions and graphical representations; Uniformly accelerated motion,
position-time graph, velocity, time graph and formulae. Elementary ideas of
calculus – differentiation and integration – applications to motion.
Unit 3: Description Of Motion In Two And Three Dimensions
Vectors and scalars, vectors
in two and three dimensions, unit vector, addition and multiplication,
resolution of vector in a plane, rectangular components, scalar and vector
products. Motion in two dimensions – projectile motion, ideas of uniform circular
motion, linear and angular velocity, the relation between centripetal
acceleration and angular speed.
Unit 4: Laws Of Motion
Force and inertia, first law of motion,
momentum, the second law of motion, forces in nature, impulse, third law of
motion, conservation of linear momentum, examples of the variable mass
situation, rocket propulsion, equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and kinetic friction, laws of
friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Inertial and non-inertial frames
(elementary ideas); Dynamics of uniform circular motion – centripetal and
centrifugal forces, examples: banking of curves and centrifuge.
Unit 5: Work, Energy And Power
Work was done by a constant force and by a
variable force, units of work – Energy – kinetic and potential forms, power,
work-energy theorem. Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two
dimensions.
Gravitational potential energy and its conversion to kinetic energy,
spring constant, the potential energy of a spring, Different forms of energy,
mass-energy equivalence (elementary ideas), conservation of energy,
conservative and non-conservative forces.
Unit 6: Motion Of System Of Particles And Rigid Body Rotation
Centre of mass of a two-particle
system, generalisation to N particles, momentum conservation and center of mass
motion, applications to some familiar systems, centre of mass of the rigid
body. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, physical meaning of angular
momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples, eg. planetary motion.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational
motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions, a moment of inertia and
its physical significance, the radius of gyration, parallel and perpendicular
axes theorems (statements only), a moment of inertia of circular ring and disc,
cylinder rolling without slipping.
Unit 7: Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation,
gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to gravity (g), weight and
gravitation, a variation of g with altitude, latitude, depth and rotation of
the earth. Mass of earth, gravitational potential energy near the surface of
the earth, gravitational potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of
satellite, weightlessness, the motion of geostationary and polar satellites,
statement of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, proof of second and third laws,
the relation between inertial and gravitational masses.
Unit 8: Mechanics of Solids And Fluids
Solids: Hooke’s law, stress-strain
relationships, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, some
practical examples. Fluids: Pressure due to the fluid column,
Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), effect
of gravity on fluid pressure, Buoyancy, laws of floatation and
Archimedes principles, atmospheric
pressure. Surface energy and surface tension, the angle of contact, examples of
drops and babbles, capillary rise, detergents and surface tension, viscosity,
sphere falling through a liquid column, Stokes law, streamline flow, Reynold’s
number, the equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem and applications.
Unit 9: Heat And Thermodynamics
Kinetic theory of gases, assumptions,
the concept of pressure, kinetic energy and temperature, mean-rms and most
probable speed, degrees of freedom, statement of the law of equipartition of
energy, the concept of mean free path and Avogadro's’ number
Thermal equilibrium and temperatures, zeroth law of thermodynamics,
Heat-work and internal energy, Thermal expansion – thermometry. The first law
of thermodynamics and examples, specific heat, specific heat of gases at
constant volume and constant pressure, the specific heat of solids, Dulong and
Petit’s law
Thermodynamical variables and equation of state, phase diagrams, ideal gas
equation, isothermal and adiabatic processes, reversible and irreversible
processes, Carnot engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, efficiency and
coefficient performance of heat engines, ideas of the second law of
thermodynamics with practical applications. Thermal radiation –
Stefan-Boltzmann law, Newton’s law of cooling.
Unit 10: Oscillations
Periodic motion – period, frequency,
displacement as a function of time and periodic functions; Simple harmonic
motion (S.H.M) and its equation, uniform circular motion and simple harmonic
motion, oscillations of a spring, restoring force and force constant, energy in
simple harmonic motion, kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum –
derivation of expression for the period; forced and damped oscillations and
resonance (qualitative ideas only), coupled oscillations.
Unit 11: Waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves, wave
motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, the speed of a travelling
wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves
in strings and pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, Doppler effect of
sound with applications
Unit 12: Electrostatics
Frictional electricity; Properties of
electric charges - conservation, additivity and quantisation. Coulomb’s law –
Forces between two point electric charges, Forces between multiple electric
charges; Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric
field and its physical significance, electric field due to a point charge,
electric field lines; Electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole and
behaviour and dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric potential-physical
meaning, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a
dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential
energy of a system of point charges, electric dipoles in an electrostatic
field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’ theorem-its application to find field
due to an infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Conductors and insulatorspresence
of free charges and bound charges; Dielectrics and electric polarization,
general concept of a capacitor and capacitance, a combination of capacitors in
series and in parallel, the energy stored in a capacitor, the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates,
Van de Graff generator.
Unit 13: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in
a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, their relation with electric
current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, limitations of
Ohm’s law, electrical resistivity and conductivity, classification of materials
in terms of conductivity; Superconductivity (elementary idea); Carbon
resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; combination of resistances -
series and parallel. Temperature dependence of resistance. The internal
resistance of a cell, Potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of
cells in series and in parallel. Kirchoff’s lawsillustration by simple
applications, Wheatstone bridge and its applications, Meter bridge.
Potentiometer -principle and applications to measure potential
difference, comparison of emf of two cells and determination of internal
resistance of a cell. Electric power, thermal effects of current and Joule’s
law; Chemical effects of current, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis,
Electro-chemical cells.
Unit 14: Magnetic Effect of Current And Magnetism
Concept of a magnetic field,
Oersted’s experiment, Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field due to an infinitely
long current carrying straight wire and a circular loop, Ampere’s circuital law
and its applications to straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving
charge in a uniform magnetic field, cyclotron. Force on current carrying
conductor and torque on current loop in magnetic fields, the force between two
parallel current carrying conductors, the definition of the ampere. Moving coil
galvanometer and its conversion into ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a
magnetic dipole, magnetic moment, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform
magnetic field, Lines of force in the magnetic field. Comparison of a bar
magnet and solenoid. Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, vibration
magnetometer. Para, dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples.
Electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Unit 15: Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Current
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws,
Induced e.m.f. and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, self and mutual
inductance. Alternating current, peak and RMS value of alternating
current/voltage, reactance and impedance, L.C. oscillations, LCR series
circuit. (Phasor diagram), Resonant circuits and Q-factor; power in A.C.
circuits, wattless current.
AC generator and Transformer.
Unit 16: Electromagnetic Waves
Properties of electromagnetic waves and
Maxwell’s contributions (qualitative ideas), Hertz’s experiments,
Electromagnetic spectrum (different regions and applications), propagation of
electromagnetic waves in earth’s atmosphere.
Unit 17: Optics
Reflection in mirrors, refraction of light,
total internal reflection and its applications, spherical lenses, thin lens
formula, lens maker’s formula; Magnification, Power of a lens, combination of
thin lenses in contact; Refraction and dispersion of light due to a prism,
Scattering of light, Blue colour of the sky and appearance of the sun at
sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments, Compound microscope, astronomical
telescope (refraction and reflection type) and their magnifying powers.
Wavefront and Huygen’s principle. Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a
plane surface using wave fronts (qualitative idea); Interference-Young’s double
slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained
interference of light; Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maximum, difference between interference and diffraction, resolving power of
microscope and telescope; Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law,
Use of polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit 18: Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiations
Photoelectric effect, Einstein photoelectric
equation - particle nature light, photo-cell, Matter waves-wave nature of
particles. De Broglie relation, Davisson and Germer experiment.
Unit 19: Atomic Nucleus
Alpha particle scattering experiment, size
of the nucleus - composition of the nucleus - protons and neutrons. Nuclear
instability - Radioactivity-Alpha, Beta and Gamma particle/rays and their
properties, radioactive decay laws, Simple explanation of __-decay, _-decay and
__decay; mass-energy relation, mass defect, Binding energy per nucleon and its
variation with mass number. Nature of nuclear forces, nuclear reactions,
nuclear fission, nuclear reactors and their uses; nuclear fusion, elementary
ideas of energy production in stars.
Unit 20: Solids and Semiconductor Devices
Energy bands in solids (qualitative
ideas only), difference between metals, insulators and semiconductors using
band theory; Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction,
Semi-conductor diode characteristics forward and reverse bias, diode as a
rectifier, solar cell, photo-diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator;
Junction transistor, characteristics of a transistor; Transistor as an
amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator; Logic gates (OR, AND,
NOT, NAND, NOR); Elementary ideas about integrated circuits.
Unit 21: Principles Of Communications
Elementary idea of analogue and digital communication;
Need for modulation, amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation; Elementary
ideas about demodulation, Data transmission and retrieval, Fax and Modem.(basic
principles) Space communications - Ground wave, space wave and skywave
propagation, satellite communications.
Chemistry
Unit 1: Basic Concepts and Atomic
Structure
Laws of chemical combination: Law of
conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportions.
Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes. Dalton’s atomic theory. Mole concept.
Atomic, molecular and molar masses. Chemical Equations. Balancing and
calculation based on chemical equations.
Atomic structure: Fundamental
particles. Rutherford model of an atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation.
The emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Drawbacks of Bohr model. Dual nature of matter and radiation. de Broglie
relatio n. Uncertainty principle. Wave function (mention only). Atomic orbitals
and their shapes (s, p and d orbitals only). Quantum numbers. Electronic
configurations of elements. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s rule. Aufbau
principle.
Unit 2: Bonding And Molecular
Structure
Kossel and Lewis approach of bonding. Ionic
bond, the covalent character of ionic bond, Lattice energy.
Born-Haber cycle. Covalent bond. Lewis
structure of covalent bond. The concept of orbital overlap. VSEPR theory and
geometry of molecules. The polarity of a covalent bond. Valence bond theory and
hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 and sp3d2). Resonance. Molecular
orbital method. Bond order. Molecular orbital diagrams of homo-diatomic
molecules. Bond strength and magnetic behaviour. Hydrogen bond.
Coordinate
bond. Metallic bond.
Unit 3: States of Matter
Gaseous state: Boyle’s law. Charles’
law. Avogadro’s hypothesis. Graham’s law of diffusion. Absolute scale of
temperature. Ideal gas equation. Gas constant and its values. Dalton’s law of
partial pressure.
Aqueous
tension. Kinetic theory of gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour.
Inter molecular interaction, van der Waals equation. Liquefaction of gases.
Critical temperature.
Liquid state: Properties of liquids.
Vapour pressure and boiling point. Surface tension. Viscosity.
Solid state: Types of solids (ionic,
covalent and molecular). Space lattice and unit cells. Cubic crystal systems.
Close packing. Different voids (tetrahedral and octahedral only). Density
calculations. Point defects (Frenkel and Schottky). Electrical properties of
solids. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Piezoelectric and
pyroelectric crystals. Magnetic properties of solids. Diamagnetic,
paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances.
Unit 4: Periodic Properties of Elements And Hydrogen
Classification of elements: Mendeleev’s
periodic table. Atomic number and modern periodic law. Longform of the periodic
table. Electronic configurations of elements and their position in the periodic
table.
Classification into s-, p-, d- and f-block
elements.
Periodic properties: Ionization energy,
electron affinity, atomic radii, valence and electro negativity.
Hydrogen: Position in the periodic
table, occurrence, isolation, preparation (including commercial), properties,
reactions and uses. Isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrides: Molecular, saline
and interstitial hydrides.
Water: Structure of water molecule and
its aggregates. Physical and chemical properties of water. Hard and soft water.
Removal of hardness. Preparation and uses of heavy water: Liquid hydrogen as
fuel.
Unit 5: S-Block Elements and Principles of Metallurgy
Alkali metals: Occurrence, electronic
configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (ionization energy,
atomic radii and ionic radii), electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen,
hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia. Oxides, hydroxides and halides.
Alkaline earth metals: Occurrence,
electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties, electrode
potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen and halogens. Oxides,
hydroxides, halides and sulphides. Anomalous properties of lithium and
beryllium.
Compounds of s-block
elements: Large-scale preparation of NaOH and Na2CO3, their properties and
uses. Preparation and properties of CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris and MgSO4.
Industrial uses of lime, limestone and cement.
Principles of metallurgy: Occurrence of
metals. The concentration of ores. General principles of extraction of metals
from ore. Thermodynamic and electro chemical principles of metallurgy. Refining
of metals. Extraction of zinc, aluminium, iron and copper.
Unit 6: P-Block Elements
General characteristics of p-block
elements: atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states. Trendsin
chemical reactivity of Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 elements.
Boron: Occurrence, isolation, physical
and chemical properties. Borax and boric acid. Boron hydrides.
Structure of diborane. Uses of boron and its
compounds.
Carbon: Allotropes, properties, Oxides
of Carbon.
Nitrogen: Terrestrial abundance and
distribution, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity.
Ammonia: Haber process of manufacture,
properties and uses.
Nitric acid: Ostwald process of
manufacture and important uses.
Oxides of nitrogen: Preparation and
structures (skeletal only).
Oxygen: Terrestrial abundance, isolation,
properties and chemical reactivity.
Oxides: Acidic, basic and amphoteric
oxides. Preparation, structure, properties and uses of ozone and hydrogen
peroxide.
Silica: Different forms and uses.
Structures of silicates. Silicones, Zeolites, Uses of Silicon TetraChloride.
Phosphorus: Production, allotropes and
phosphine. Preparation and structures of PCl3, PCl5, oxyacids of phosphorus.
Comparison of halides and hydrides of Group 15 elements.
Sulphur: Production, allotropes, oxides
and halides, Oxoacids of Sulphur (structure only).
Sulphuric acid: Manufacture,
properties and uses. Comparison of oxides, halides and hydrides of Group17
elements, Oxoacids of halogens (structure only), hydrides and oxides of
chlorine. Interhalogen compounds.
Group 18 elements: Occurrence, isolation, atomic and physical properties,
uses.
Compounds of xenon: Preparation of fluorides
and oxides, and their reactions with water.
Unit 7: D-Block and F-Block Elements
D-Block elements: Electronic
configuration and general characteristics. Metallic properties, ionization energy,
electrode potential, oxidation states, ionic radii, catalytic properties,
coloured ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds
and alloys. Preparation and properties of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7.
F-Block
elements:
Lanthanides: Occurrence, electronic
configuration and oxidation states. Lanthanide contraction. Uses.
Actinides: Occurrence, electronic
configuration and comparison with lanthanides.
Unit 8: Thermodynamics
System and surrounding: Types of
systems. Types of processes. Intensive and extensive properties.
State functions and path functions.
Reversible and irreversible processes.
First law of thermodynamics:
Internal energy and enthalpy. Application
of first law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy changes during phase transition.
Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. Standard enthalpy of formation. Hess’s
law of constant
heat summation and numerical problems. Heat
capacity and specific heat.
Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy
and Gibbs free energy. Free energy change and chemical equilibrium. Criteria
for spontaneity.
Unit 9: Chemical Equilibrium
Physical and chemical equilibria: Dynamic nature of equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical changes(solid-liquid, liquid-gas, dissolution of
solids in liquids and dissolution of gases in liquids). General characteristics
of equilibria involving physical processes.
Equilibria involving chemical
systems: Law of chemical equilibrium. The magnitude of equilibrium constant.Numerical
problems. Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (changes of
concentration, temperature and pressure). Effect of catalyst. The Le Chatelier
principle and its applications. The relationship between Kp and Kc. Ionic
equilibrium. Ionization of weak and strong electrolytes.
Concepts of acids and bases: Those of
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. Acid-base equilibrium.
Ionization of water. pH scale. Salt
hydrolysis. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Buffer action and buffer
solutions.
Unit 10: Solutions
Types of solutions: Different
concentration terms (normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction and mass
percentage). The solubility of gases and solids. Vapour pressure of solutions
and Raoult’s law. Deviation from Raoult’s law.
Colligative properties: Lowering of vapour
pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure. Ideal and
non-ideal solutions. Determination of molecular mass.
Abnormal
molecular mass. The van’t Hoff factor and related numerical problems.
Unit 11: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction: Electron
transfer concept. Oxidation number. Balancing equations of redox reactions:
Oxidation number method and ion-electron method (half reaction method).
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: Quantitative
aspects. Electrolytic conduction. Conductance. Molar conductance. Kohlrausch’s
law and its applications. Electrode potential and electromotive force (e.m.f.).
Reference electrode (SHE only). Electrolytic
and Galvanic cells. Daniel cell. The Nernst equation. Free energy and e.m.f.
Primary and secondary cells. Fuel cell (H2-O2 only).
Corrosion and its
prevention: Electrochemical theory of rusting of iron. Methods of
prevention of corrosion. Galvanization and cathodic protection.
Unit 12: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction. Average and instantaneous
rates. Rate expressions. Rate constant. Rate law. Order and molecularity.
Integrated rate law expressions for zero and first order reactions and their
derivations.
Units of rate constant. Half life period.
Temperature dependence of rate constant. Arrhenius equation.
Activation energy, Collision Theory
(Elementary theory) and related numerical problems. Elementary and complex
reactions with examples.
Unit 13: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption. Factors affecting
adsorption. Effect of pressure.Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Catalysis.
Enzymes. Zeolites.
Colloids: Colloids and suspensions.
Dispersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids: Lyophobic, lyophilic,
multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids. Preparation, properties
and protection of colloids. Gold number. Hardy Schulze rule. Emulsions.
Unit 14: Coordination Compounds and Organometallics
Ligand. Coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds
mononuclear, Isomerism in coordination compounds. Geometrical, optical and
structural isomerism. Bonding in coordination compounds. Werner’s coordination
theory. Valence bond approach. Hybridization and geometry.
Magnetic properties of octahedral,
tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Introduction to crystal field theory.
Splitting of d orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral fields (qualitative
only). Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis and
biological systems such as chlorophyll, haemoglobin and vitamin B12 (structures
not included).
Unit 15: Basic Principles, Purification and Characterization Of
Organic Compounds
Distinction between organic and inorganic compounds.
Tetra valence of carbon. Catenation. Hybridization (sp, sp2 and sp3). Shapes of
simple molecules. General introduction to naming of organic compounds.
Trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature.
Illustrations with examples. Structural isomerism. Examples of functional
groups containing oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and halogens.
Purification of carbon
compounds: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation,
differential extraction and chromatography (column and paper only).
Qualitative analysis: Detection of
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens.
Quantitative analysis: Estimation of
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens(principles only),
and related numerical problems. Calculation of empirical and molecular
formulae.
Unit 16: Hydrocarbons
Classification
of hydrocarbons.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature
and conformation of ethane.3D structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and
Newman).
Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature.
Geometrical isomerism in alkenes. Stability
of alkenes. General methods of preparation. Physical and chemical properties.
Markownikoff’s rule. Peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes.
Polymerization reactions of dienes.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature.
Isomerism. Benzene and its homologues. Structure of benzene. Resonance.
Delocalisation in benzene. The concept of aromaticity (an elementary idea).
Chemical reactions of benzene. Polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity.
Unit 17: Organic Reaction Mechanism
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, electromeric,
resonance and hyperconjugationeffects. Fission of a covalent bond. Free
radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions.
Common types of organic
reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement
reactions.Illustrations with examples. Mechanism of electrophilic addition
reactions in alkenes. The concept of delocalisation of electrons. Mechanism of
electrophilic substitution reactions. Directive influence of substituents and
their effect on reactivity (in benzene ring only).
Unit 18: Stereochemistry
Stereoisomerism: Geometrical isomerism
and optical isomerism. Specific rotation. Chirality and chiral objects. Chiral
molecules. Configuration and Fischer projections. Asymmetric carbon. Elements
of symmetry. Compounds containing one chiral center. Enantiomers. Racemic form.
Racemization. Compounds containing two chiral centers. Diastereo isomers. Meso
form. Resolution.
Unit 19: Organic Compounds With Functional Groups Containing
Halogens
Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature and general methods of
preparation. Physical properties.Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and
haloarenes. Chemical properties and uses of chloromethane and chlorobenzene.
Polyhalogen compounds: Preparation and
properties of chloroform and iodoform. Uses of some commercially important
compounds (chloroform, iodoform, DDT, BHC and freon).
UNIT 20: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen
Alcohols: Nomenclature. Important
methods of preparation (from aldehydes, ketones, alkyl halides and hydration of
alkenes). Manufacture of ethanol from molasses. Physical and chemical
properties.
Reactions with alkali metals and acids.
Formation of alkenes, ethers and esters. Reactions with PX3, PX5, SOCl2.
Oxidation of alcohols. Dehydrogenation.
Phenols: Nomenclature. Preparation of
phenol (from sodium benzenesulfonate, benzene diazonium chloride and
chlorobenzene). Physical and chemical properties of phenol. The acidity of
phenol.
Action of phenol with FeCl3. Bromination,
sulphonation and nitration of phenol.
Ethers: Nomenclature. Methods of
preparation (from alcohols and alkyl halides). Williamson’s synthesis.
Physical and chemical properties. Formation of
peroxides. Actions with HI, HF and H2SO4.
Some commercially important
compounds: Methanol, ethanol (fermentation).
Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature.
Electronic structure of carbonyl group. Methods of preparation (from alcohols,
acid chlorides, ozonolysis of alkenes and hydration of alkynes). Friedel-Crafts
acylation for acetophenone. General properties (physical and chemical) of
aldehydes and ketones. Formation of paraldehyde and metaldehyde. Addition of
NaHSO3, NH3 and its derivatives, Grignard reagent, HCN and alcohols. Oxidation
reactions with Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. Oxidation of
ketones.Reduction with LiAlH4. Clemmensen reduction. Wolff- Kischner reduction.
Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction.
Carboxylic acid: Nomenclature. Electronic
structure of–COOH. Methods of Preparation (from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,
alkyl benzenes and hydrolysis of cyanide). Physical properties. Effects of
substituents on acid strength. Chemical reactions.
Unit 21: Organic Compounds With Functional Groups Containing
Nitrogen Amines
Nomenclature. Primary, secondary and tertiary
amines. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Basic nature. Chemical
reaction. Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and
isocyanides. Diazonium Salts. Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene
diazonium chloride in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit 22: Polymers and Biomolecules
Polymers: Classification. Addition and
condensation polymerization. Copolymerization. Natural rubber and
vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Biopolymers.
Biodegradable polymers.
Some commercially important polymers:
Polyethene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon, PAN, BUNA-N, BUNA-S, neoprene, Terylene,
glyptal, nylon-6, nylon-66 and Bakelite.
Biomolecules: Classification of
carbohydrates. Structure and properties of glucose.
Reducing and
nonreducing sugars: Properties of sucrose, maltose and lactose
(structures not included).
Polysaccharides: Properties of starch and
cellulose.
Proteins: Amino acids. Zwitterions. Peptide
bond. Polypeptides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein.
Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes. Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids. DNA
and RNA, and their chemical composition. Primary structure of DNA. Double
helix.
Vitamins: Classification and functions
in biosystems.
Unit 23: Environmental Chemistry and Chemistry In Everyday Life
Soil, water and air pollutions. Ozone layer.
Smog. Acid rain. Green house effect and global warming.
Industrial air pollution. Importance of
green chemistry.
Chemicals in medicine and health care.
Drug-target interaction, Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, antacids,
antihistamines, antibiotics, disinfectants, antifertility drugs, chemicals in
food, preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible
colours, cleansing agents, soaps and synthetic detergents, antimicrobials.
Mathematics
Unit 1: Algebra
Sets,
Relations and Functions
Complex
Numbers
Quadratic
Equations
Sequences
and Series
Permutations,
Combinations, Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction
Matrices
and Determinants
Linear
Inequations
Mathematical
Logic and Boolean Algebra
Unit 2: Trigonometry
Degree measures and Radian measure of
positive and negative angles; the relation between degree measure and radian
measure, definition of trigonometric functions with the help of a unit circle,
periodic functions, the concept of periodicity of trigonometric functions,value
of trigonometric functions of x trigonometric functions of sum and difference
of numbers.
Conditional identities for the angles of a
triangle,solution o ftrigonometric equations of the type Sinx= Sina;Cos x= Cos
a; Tanx= Tana and equations reducible to these forms. InverseTrigonometric
functions: Simple problems Graph of the following trigonometric functions;y =
Sinx;y=Cos x;y=Tanx;y=aSinx ;y = aCos x,y =aSin bx;y=aCos bx.
Unit 3: Geometry
Cartesian
System of Rectangular Co-ordinates
Lines
and Family of lines
Circles
and Family of circles
Conic
sections
Vectors
Three
Dimensional Geometry
Unit 4: Statistics
Statistics
and probability
Mean deviation for ungrouped data, variance
for grouped an ungrouped data, standard deviation. Random experiments and
sample space, Events as subset of a sample space, occurrence of an event, sure
and impossible events, Exhaustive events, Algebra of events, Meaning of
equality likely outcomes, mutually exclusive events. Probability of an event;
Theorems on probability; Addition rule, Multiplication rule, Independent
experiments and events. Finding P (A or B), P (A and B), random variables,
Probability distribution of a random variable.
Unit 5: Calculus
Functions,Limits
andcontinuity
Differentiation
Application
of Derivatives
Indefinite
Integrals
Definite
Integrals
Differential
Equations
